RATIONALE: Congenital toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by the parasitic organism Toxoplasma gondii, and it may be passed from an infected mother to her unborn child. The mother may have mild symptoms or no symptoms; the fetus, however, may experience damage to the eyes, nervous system, skin, and ears. The newborn may have a low birth weight, enlarged liver and spleen, jaundice, anemia, petechiae, and eye damage. Giving the antiparasitic drugs pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine is standard treatment for congenital toxoplasmosis, but it is not yet known which regimen of pyrimethamine is most effective for the disease. PURPOSE: Randomized phase IV trial to determine which regimen of pyrimethamine is most effective when combined with sulfadiazine and leucovorin in treating patients who have congenital toxoplasmosis.

Brief Title

Pyrimethamine, Sulfadiazine, and Leucovorin in Treating Patients With Congenital Toxoplasmosis

Official Title

Phase IV Randomized Study of Pyrimethamine, Sulfadiazine, and Leucovorin Calcium for Congenital Toxoplasmosis

Brief Summary

RATIONALE: Congenital toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by the parasitic organism<br /> Toxoplasma gondii, and it may be passed from an infected mother to her unborn child. The<br /> mother may have mild symptoms or no symptoms; the fetus, however, may experience damage to<br /> the eyes, nervous system, skin, and ears. The newborn may have a low birth weight, enlarged<br /> liver and spleen, jaundice, anemia, petechiae, and eye damage. Giving the antiparasitic drugs<br /> pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine is standard treatment for congenital toxoplasmosis, but it is<br /> not yet known which regimen of pyrimethamine is most effective for the disease.<br /><br /> PURPOSE: Randomized phase IV trial to determine which regimen of pyrimethamine is most<br /> effective when combined with sulfadiazine and leucovorin in treating patients who have<br /> congenital toxoplasmosis.

Detailed Description

PROTOCOL OUTLINE: Infants are randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups. Patients are
stratified by disease severity, chorioretinitis, prenatal treatment, and certainty of
diagnosis at birth.

One group of infants is treated with a loading dose of oral pyrimethamine followed by a
higher dose for the first two months then a lower dose for the remainder of the 12 months.
Sulfadiazine and leucovorin calcium are also given orally for 12 months. The pyrimethamine
loading dose is omitted if prior prenatal therapy was given.

Another group of infants is treated with a higher dose of oral pyrimethamine for the first 6
months and then the lower dose for the remainder of the 12 months. Sulfadiazine and
leucovorin calcium are administered concurrently.

Infected fetuses of pregnant women are nonrandomly assigned to treatment with pyrimethamine,
sulfadiazine, and leucovorin calcium after the first trimester. Spiramycin is administered
before the fetal diagnosis is made.

Concurrent prednisone for active retinal inflammation or elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein
is allowed.

Collaborating physicians will also refer historical controls, who have not been treated in
the first year of life or who received one month or less therapy, and are older than one
year. Absence of treatment in the first year of life will be due to parental preference,
prior inadequate follow-up by the family physicians, or lack of detection or treatment of eye
disease before the age of one year in otherwise asymptomatic children. These historical,
untreated patients (who enter the study when they are older than one year) will be compared
with treated children in the randomized study. These historical patients will not be
randomized. Any abnormality requiring treatment (e.g., active chorioretinitis) in any child
(including historical patients) will be treated.

All infants are followed at birth, then at age 1, 3.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, and 20.