Leukemia is a cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It occurs when the body creates abnormal white blood cells that don’t work properly and build up in the bloodstream.

Frequent infections

Shortness of breath

Paleness of skin

Fever and chills

Easy bruising or bleeding

Weight loss

Bone or joint pain and tenderness

Fatigue

Leukemia is classified by the type of white blood cells it affects—either lymphocytes or myeloid cells—and how quickly it develops. It may appear suddenly and progress rapidly (acute), or develop gradually over time (chronic).

There are four main types of leukemia, and each one has different subtypes. This helps doctors better understand and treat each person’s specific type of leukemia.  

  • Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)  
  • Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)  
  • Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)  
  • Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)  

The following tests can be used to confirm a diagnosis of leukemia:  

  • Physical Exam: The doctor will look for signs of leukemia like pale skin, swollen lymph nodes, or a larger liver or spleen. They may also ask about family health history.
  • Blood Tests: Assess blood for unusual levels of red and white blood cells or platelets. Tests might include a complete blood count, a blood smear, or other special blood tests.
  • Bone Marrow Biopsy: This test takes a small sample from the bone marrow to see how many abnormal cells are present.
  • Imaging Tests: Scans like X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, ultrasounds, or PET scans help doctors see if leukemia has spread in the body.

Treatment depends on the type and stage of leukemia, as well as overall health and personal preferences. Common treatment options include:  

  • Chemotherapy: This uses strong medicine to kill leukemia cells or stop them from growing.  
  • Targeted Therapy: Medications that attack specific parts of leukemia cells to stop them from spreading.
  • Radiation Therapy: High-energy rays are used to destroy leukemia cells in certain parts of the body.
  • Stem Cell Transplant: Also called a bone marrow transplant, this replaces unhealthy cells with healthy ones to help the body make normal blood cells again.
  • Immunotherapy: This helps the immune system find and fight leukemia cells.
  • CAR T-cell Therapy: This is a newer treatment that uses a person’s own immune cells to fight leukemia. Special cells called T-cells are taken from the body, changed in a lab to better target leukemia cells and then put back to help the immune system attack the cancer.

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Ongoing Research

Leukemia is a disease that requires more effective treatment options. In order to find these new treatments for leukemia, further research is needed. Discover our featured study below for leukemia. If this study is not right for you or a loved one, there are leukemia research studies that are actively recruiting participants. Visit ClinicalTrials.gov to find leukemia research studies near you.

Featured Study

SENTRY-CD19 | Leukemia and Lymphoma Clinical Study

If you or a loved one has leukemia or lymphoma, learn more about this opportunity to participate in a clinical study evaluating a one-time investigational gene therapy that may help your immune system fight cancer more effectively.

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Resources

Find an online community of fellow patients, caregivers, and advocates below as
as well as some other general resources!

Leukemia Support Group
A supportive community for individuals diagnosed with leukemia and those caring for or supporting someone with the condition.
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R/Leukemia
A Reddit community for individuals living with leukemia to find support and get answers to their questions.
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The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society
A non-profit organization committed to finding a cure for various blood cancers and improving the quality of life for patients and their families.
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Leukemia Research Foundation
The Leukemia Research Foundation is dedicated to curing leukemia by funding innovative research and supporting patients and families.
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Talking Blood Cancer Podcast
On this podcast, Blood Cancer Support Coordinators and hosts talk with people living with blood cancer and their caregivers to share personal stories and experiences.
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The Patient Story
Explore this website for personal leukemia stories from patients and insights from blood cancer oncologists and experts.
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Getting Support | Leukemia Research Foundation
This page explains how leukemia can impact mental health and offers tips for finding support.
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Qualifying for Social Security Disability Benefits for Leukemia
This website provides information about qualifying for social security disability benefits for leukemia.
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Ready-Made Immune Therapy Effective Against Leukemia
Read this article to learn more about a new, off-the-shelf immune therapy that effectively treats leukemia by using engineered T cells, eliminating the need for individual patient customization.
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Researchers Uncover Why a Leukemia Treatment Can Cause Problems with Movement and Balance
Read this article to learn more about how the leukemia drug Ara-C can affect movement and balance by impacting brain cells involved in coordination.
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