Treatments and/or Procedures

Study Criteria

Inclusion Criteria for subjects with Major Depressive Disorder:

  1. Provide written informed consent;

  2. Both genders and all ethnic origins, age between 18 and 45;

  3. Meet DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for MDD (diagnosed with the use of the SCID);

  4. A baseline HAM-D score of 16 or greater;

  5. Absence of pregnancy;

  6. Absence of any psychotropic medication for at least 2 weeks:

       1. 6 weeks for fluoxetine

       2. 6 months for neuroleptics

       3. 2 weeks for benzodiazepines

       4. 2 weeks for any other antidepressants

Inclusion Criteria for Healthy Controls

  1. Absence of medical, neurological, and psychiatric illness (including alcohol and
     substance abuse); as assessed by subject history and a structured clinical interview
     (SCID);

  2. Provide written informed consent;

  3. Both genders and all ethnic origins, age between 18 and 45;

  4. Absence of any medications for at least 3 weeks;

  5. Absence of pregnancy.

Exclusion Criteria:

  1. Subjects with suicidal ideation where outpatient treatment is determined unsafe. These
     patients will be immediately referred to a licensed psychologist or psychiatrist to
     determine the appropriate clinical treatment;

  2. Serious or unstable medical illness

  3. Lifetime history of seizure disorder;

  4. Lifetime history or current diagnosis of any of the following DSM-IV psychiatric
     illnesses: organic mental disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder,
     delusional disorder, psychotic disorders not otherwise specified, bipolar disorder,
     ADHD, patients with mood congruent or mood incongruent psychotic features; simple
     phobia, social anxiety disorder and generalized anxiety disorders will be allowed only
     if secondary to MDD;

  5. Patients with a lifetime history of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT);

  6. Failure to meet standard MRI safety requirements;

  7. May not have used any nicotine product in the past year; must report fewer than 20
     lifetime uses of nicotine

  8. Must have an expired carbon monoxide level of less than or equal to 10 ppm.

  9. Use of anticholinergic drugs in the past week

 10. Any past or present history of cardiac problems including known arrhythmias, acute
     coronary syndrome, or ischemic heart disease

 11. Uncontrolled hypertension

 12. History of substance abuse in the past 6 months (other than caffeine), self-reported
     use of marijuana in past month, or history of treatment with methadone

 13. Heavy caffeine users (consume greater than 500 mg on a regular or daily basis)

 14. Subjects that cannot speak English